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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="Original Article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta id="journal-meta-8ace92c1809d445c90b7ae3adfb559dc">
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="journal_submission_guidelines">https://www.pimr.org.in/instructions.php</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Perspectives in Medical Research</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2348-229X</issn>
      <issn publication-format="print">2348-1447</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta id="article-meta-4f976aa55c004905a8b65c97cc3df647">
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47799/pimr.1201.04</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title id="article-title-f2d7b029f6a24241b9d69b9cf9d55831">Electrocardiographic and Echocardiographic changes in Non-Hemodialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name id="name-724cef2d362e41c0b45c0e9d3853607b">
            <surname>Ansari</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammed Shoeb Himayun Kabeer</given-names>
          </name>
          <email>dr.shoebansari@gmail.com</email>
          <xref id="x-7474b5360617" rid="a-6089c25c87e5" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name id="name-bb4b5f52aecf46f0a16173a5e6a7641e">
            <surname>Noorani</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammed Sohail Salim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref id="x-c6359818698f" rid="a-608e2c143046" ref-type="aff">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name id="name-939ccc5cef304377ab0f38465bdd7fef">
            <surname>Shaikh</surname>
            <given-names>Ambreen Fatema Abdul Hafiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref id="x-499ed5fa45df" rid="a-b7c059911b32" ref-type="aff">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="a-6089c25c87e5">
          <institution>Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Indian Institute of Medical Science &amp; Research, Jalna, Maharashtra</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="a-608e2c143046">
          <institution>Senior Resident, Department of Internal Medicine, Indian Institute of Medical Science &amp; Research, Jalna, Maharashtra</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="a-b7c059911b32">
          <institution>Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Indian Institute of Medical Science &amp; Research, Jalna, Maharashtra</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>4</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>12</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>19</fpage>
      <lpage>23</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>3</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>4</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>3</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>©2023 (Mohammed Shoeb Humayun Kabeer Ansari) et al. This is an open-access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are credited.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
      </permissions>
      <abstract id="abstract-abstract-title-b0e40e64c089404aab1d480239842629">
        <title id="abstract-title-b0e40e64c089404aab1d480239842629">Abstract</title>
        <p id="paragraph-19d93c9594904bccbe12bf1393e17e92">Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients have a higher risk of cardiovascular manifestations such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death in patients with advanced CKD, rather than end-stage kidney disease itself. Essentially, CKD speeds up the ageing process in the cardiovascular system. <bold id="strong-1394db488b7240559dfa77a22aac7043">Objectives:</bold> To determine the prevalence of cardiovascular abnormalities in non-hemodialysis CKD patients. <bold id="strong-4fe57e9eae5e417088fe87700b95507e">Methods:</bold> A descriptive cross-sectional study, was conducted in the Department of Medicine, between October 2020 to September 2022. A total of 50 CKD patients were included. The patients were evaluated &amp; enrolled in the study, based on history, general physical examination, systemic examination, Blood Urea, Serum Creatinine, Urine Routine, Electrocardiograph (ECG) and Echocardiography. <bold id="strong-6aba1fdcd48a44f5a09b3c8ad2344a62">Results:</bold> In the present study Electrocardiograph &amp; echocardiography determined cardiovascular abnormalities in 68% of patients. Among these 50% of patients had Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH) &amp; Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction (LVDD), 8% of patients had Arrhythmias and 6% patients had conduction abnormality, 2% patients had LVH and 2% patients had LVDD. <bold id="strong-a208a309e0ef485e93a0c98590ac8966">Conclusion:</bold> LVH &amp; LVDD are the most common morphological abnormalities observed in our study. We can diagnose Arrhythmias and conduction abnormality by electrocardiogram &amp; echocardiography and refer them for appropriate interventions promptly. </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group id="kwd-group-ef8fb797af6a4223a181d663dc4389f9">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Electrocardiograph</kwd>
        <kwd>Chronic Kidney Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiogrphy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement>None</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
