Volume: 6 Issue: 3
Year: 2018, Page: 18-23,
Introduction: There is a increasing amount of verification supporting the view that oxidative stress is involved and plays a important role in the pathophysiology of primary hypertension.
Objectives: This research examines the association of blood pressure with blood oxidative stress-related parameters in normotensive and hypertensive subjects.
Materials and Methods :A cross-sectional design was applied to 32 hypertensive patients and 33 healthy normotensive subjects. All subjects were men between the ages of 35 and 60 years. Cases of dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, obesity, smoking and those taking medication were excluded from the study. In erythrocyte lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) and reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG) were determined. Parameters measured in the plasma of test subjects were plasma antioxidant status, plasma vitamin C, vitamin E, lipid peroxidation (8-isoprostane), blood pressure modulators renin, aldosterone, endothelin-1, and homocysteine.
Results :Daytime systolic and diastolic blood pressures of hypertensives were negatively correlated with plasma antioxidant capacity (r=-0.54, p=0.001 and r=-0.60, p<0.001), plasma vitamin C levels (r=-0.47, p=0.006 and r=-0.43, p=0.01), erythrocyte activity of antioxidant enzymes, and erythrocyte GSH/GSSG ratio, with hypertensives showing higher levels of oxidative stress.
Conclusion :: Blood pressures showed a positive correlation with both plasma and urine 8-isoprostane. These results show a strong association between blood pressure and some oxidative stress-related parameters and propose a probable role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of essential hypertension.
Keywords: Antioxidants, essential hypertension, 8-isoprostane, oxidative stress, vitamin C
1. Rodrigo R, Passalacqua W, Araya J, Orellana M, Rivera G. Implications of oxidative stress and homocysteine in the pathophysiology of essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2003; 42: 453–461.
2. Miyajima K, Minatoguchi S, Ito Y, et al. Reduction of QTc dispersion by the angiotensin II receptor blocker valsartan may be related to its anti-oxidative stress effect in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertens Res 2007; 30: 307– 313.
3. Becker LB. New concepts in reactive oxygen species and cardiovascular reperfusion physiology. Cardiovasc Res 2004; 61: 461–470.
4. Juránek I, Bezek S. Controversy of free radical hypothesis: reactive oxygen species?cause or consequence of tissue injury? Gen Physiol Biophys 2005; 24: 263–278.
5. Paravicini TM, Touyz RM. Redox signalling in hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2006;71:247–258. DOI: 10.1016/ j.cardiores.2006.05.001.
6. John S, Schmieder RE. Potential mechanisms of impaired endothelial function in arterial hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Curr Hypertens Rep 2003; 5: 199– 207.
7. Dusting GJ, Akita K, Hickey H, Smith M, Gurevich V. Cyclosporin A and tacrolimus (FK506) suppress expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in vitro by different mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 128: 337–344.
8. Zicha J, Dobesova Z, Kunes J. Relative deficiency of nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation in salt-hypertensive Dahl rats: the possible role of superoxide anions. J Hypertens 2001; 19: 247–254.
9. Chen X, Touyz RM, Bae Park J, Schiffrin EL. Antioxidant effects of vitamins C and E are associated with altered activation of vascular NADPH oxidase and superoxide dismutase in stroke-prone SHR. Hypertension 2001; 38: 606–611.
10. Hoagland KM, Maier KG, Roman RJ. Contributions of 20- HETE to the antihypertensive effects of Tempol in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Hypertension 2003; 41(3 Pt 2): 697– 702.
11. Duffy SJ, Gokce N, Holbrook M, et al. Effect of ascorbic acid treatment on conduit vessel endothelial dysfunction in patients with hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001; 280: H528–H534.
12. Boshtam M, Rafiei M, Sadeghi K, Sarraf-Zadegan N. Vitamin E can reduce blood pressure in mild hypertensives. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2002; 72: 309–314.
13. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2003; 289: 2560–2572.
14. Myers MG, Tobe SW, McKay DW, Bolli P. New algorithm for the diagnosis of hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2005; 18: 1369–1374.
15. ACC/AHA: Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Echocardiography. Circulation 1997; 95: 1686–1744.
16. O’Brien E, Mee F, Atkins N, O’Malley K. Accuracy of the Spacelabs 90207 determined by to the British Hypertension Society Protocol. J Hypertens 1991; 9: 573– 574 (Short Report).
17. Groppelli A, Omboni S, Parati G, Mancia G. Evaluation of noninvasive blood pressure monitoring devices Spacelabs 90202 and 90207 versus resting and ambulatory 24-hour intra-arterial blood pressure. Hypertension 1992; 20: 227– 232.
18. Chung WY, Chung JK, Szeto YT, Tomlinson B, Benzie IF. Plasma ascorbic acid: measurement, stability and clinical utility revisited. Clin Biochem 2001; 34: 623–627.
19. Benzie IF, Strain JJ. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay. Anal Biochem 1996; 239: 70–76.
20. Milne GL, Musiek ES, Morrow JD. F2-isoprostanes as markers of oxidative stress in vivo: an overview. Biomarkers 2005; 10 (Suppl 1): 10–23.
21. Sowell AL, Huff DL, Yeager PR, Caudill SP, Gunter EW. Retinol, alpha-tocopherol, lutein/zeaxanthin, betacrytoxanthin, lycopene, alpha-carotene, trans-betacarotene, and four retinyl esters in serum determined simultaneously by reversed-phase HPLC with multiwavelength detection. Clin Chem 1994; 40: 411–416.
22. Hissin PJ, Hilf R. A fluorometric method for determination of oxidized and reduced glutathione in tissues. Anal Biochem 1976; 74: 214–226.
23. Videla LA, Rodrigo R, Orellana M, et al. Oxidative stressrelated parameters in the liver of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients. J Clin Sci (Lond) 2004; 106: 261–268.
24. Simic DV, Mimic-Oka J, Pljesa-Ercegovac M, et al. Byproducts of oxidative protein damage and antioxidant enzyme activities in plasma of patients with different degrees of essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2006; 20: 149–155.
25. Laffer CL, Bolterman RJ, Romero JC, Elijovich F. Effect of salt on isoprostanes in salt-sensitive essential hypertension. Hypertension 2006; 47: 434–440.
26. Kedziora-Kornatowska K, Czuczejko J, Pawluk H, et al. The markers of oxidative stress and activity of the antioxidant system in the blood of elderly patients with essential arterial hypertension. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2004; 9: 635–641.
27. Cracowski JL, Baguet JP, Ormezzano O, et al. Lipid peroxidation is not increased in patients with untreated mild-tomoderate hypertension. Hypertension 2003; 41: 286–288.
28. Ward NC, Hodgson JM, Puddey IB, Mori TA, Beilin LJ, Croft KD. Oxidative stress in human hypertension: association with antihypertensive treatment, gender, nutrition, and lifestyle. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 36: 226–232.
29. Moreno MU, Jose GS, Fortuno A, Beloqui O, Diez J, Zalba G. The C242T CYBA polymorphism of NADPH oxidase is associated with essential hypertension. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 1299–1306.
30. Kashyap MK, Yadav V, Sherawat BS, et al. Different antioxidants status, total antioxidant power and free radicals in essential hypertension. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 277: 89–99.
31. Muda P, Kampus P, Zilmer M, et al. Effect of antihypertensive treatment with candesartan or amlodipine on glutathione and its redox status, homocysteine and vitamin concentrations in patients with essential hypertension. J Hypertens 2005; 23: 105–112.
32. Talalay P, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Holtzclaw WD. Importance of phase 2 gene regulation in protection against electrophile and reactive oxygen toxicity and carcinogenesis. Adv Enzyme Regul 2003; 43: 121–134
33. Bae I, Fan S, Meng Q, et al. BRCA1 induces antioxidant gene expression and resistance to oxidative stress. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 7893–7909.
34. Hozawa A, Ebihara S, Ohmori K, et al. Increased plasma 8- isoprostane levels in hypertensive subjects: the Tsurugaya project. Hypertens Res 2004; 27: 557–561.
35. Ness AR, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Day NE. Vitamin C status and blood pressure. J Hypertens 1996; 14: 503–508.
36. Sakai N, Yokoyama T, Date C, Yoshiike N, Matsumura Y. An inverse relationship between serum vitamin C and blood pressure in a Japanese community. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1998; 44: 853–867.
37. Touyz RM, Schiffrin EL. Reactive oxygen species in vascular biology: implications in hypertension. Histochem Cell Biol 2004; 122: 339–352.
38. Kim MK, Sasaki S, Sasazuki S, Okubo S, Hayashi M, Tsugane S. Lack of long-term effect of vitamin C supplementation on blood pressure. Hypertension 2002; 40: 797–803.
Shah Navid,Srinivas Ch. Biomarkers of Oxidative stress in essential hypertenstion. Perspectives in Medical Research 2018:6(3):18-23.