Volume: 11 Issue: 3
Year: 2023, Page: 19-24, Doi: https://doi.org/10.47799/pimr.1103.04
Received: Oct. 28, 2023 Accepted: Dec. 8, 2023 Published: Dec. 8, 2023
Background: Anemia is a clinical sign of the most prevalent nutritional deficiency in pregnant women worldwide. Histopathological study of the placenta provides valuable information on changes due to anemia in pregnancy.
Aim: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the significance of macroscopic and histopathological changes in the placenta due to deficiency anemia in pregnancy consequently affecting the delivery outcome.
Material and methods: An observational, prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted for one year. All the obstetric patients having hemoglobin (Hb) less than 11gm/dl were included in the study. After applying the exclusion criteria, 57 cases were included in the study. After delivery, the placenta was collected, fixed in formalin, weight measured, dimensions noted and volume was calculated. Gross features were noted and representative tissue was taken for histopathological study.
Results: Term pregnancy was found commonly in mild anaemia (17 cases, 30%), preterm delivery in moderate anemia (14 cases, 25%), and Intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) /abortion in severe anemia (2 cases, 3%). The frequency of the presence of increased placental weight, decreased vascularity, increased fibrosis, and endarteritis are obliterans was found significantly higher in higher grades of anemia than in mild anemia. The same gross and histopathological features were significantly associated with poor obstetric outcomes (IUFD/abortion, preterm delivery) than good obstetric outcomes (term pregnancy).
Conclusion: Studies of the placenta have a significant role in understanding the pathophysiology of anemia in pregnancy.
Keywords: Delivery outcome, Anemia, Macroscopic and Histopathological changes of the placenta, Placenta
Marahatta, R . 2007. Study of anaemia in pregnancy and its outcome in Nepal medical college teaching hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Nepal Med Coll J 9:270–274.
Shi, H, Chen, L, Wang, Y, Sun, M, Guo, Y, Ma, S, Wang, X & Jiang, H . 2022. Severity of Anemia During Pregnancy and Adverse Maternal and Fetal Outcomes. JAMA Network Open 5(2):e2147046.
Mayhew, TM . 1996. Patterns of villous and intervillous space growth in human placentas from normal and abnormal pregnancies. Eur J Obstet Reprod Biol 68(1-2).
Baske, A . 2017. Histological changes of placenta in maternal anemia. Indian J Basic Applied Med Research 6(4):78–87.
Suryanarayana, R, Chandrappa, M, Santhuram, AN, Prathima, S & Sheela, SR . 2017. Prospective study on prevalence of anemia of pregnant women and its outcome: A community based study. J Family Med Prim Care 6:739–743.
Kaushal, S, Priya, T & Thakur, S . 2022. The Etiology of Anemia Among Pregnant Women in the Hill State of Himachal Pradesh in North India: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 14(1):e21444.
Sun, Y, Shen, ZZ, Huang, FL, Jiang, Y, Wang, YW, Zhang, SH, Ma, S, Liu, JT, Zhan, YL & Lin, H . 2021. Association of gestational anemia with pregnancy conditions and outcomes: A nested case-control study. World J Clin Cases 9(27):8008–8019.
Ramteke, R, Madane, R & Bharati, T . 2018. Study of Histopathological Changes in Placenta in Anaemia During Pregnancy. International Journal of Current Research 10(05):69468–69472.
Lelic, M, Bogdanovic, G, Ramic, S & Brkicevic, E . 2014. Influence of Maternal Anemia During Pregnancy on Placenta and Newborns. Med Arh 68(3):184–187.
Kalaivani, K . 2009. Prevalence and consequences of anemia in pregnancy. Indian J Med Res 130:627–633.
Tunkyi, K & Moodley, J . 2018. Anemia and pregnancy outcomes: a longitudinal study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 31:2594–2598.
Golub, MS, Hogrefe, CE, Tarantal, AF, Germann, SL, Beard, JL, Georgieff, MK, Calatroni, A & Lozoff, B . 2006. Diet-induced iron deficiency anemia and pregnancy outcome in rhesus monkeys. Am J Clin Nutr 83:647–656.
Camen, IV, Istrate-Ofițeru, AM, Novac, LV, Manolea, MM, Dijmarescu, AL, Neamțu, SD, Radu, L, Boldeanu, MV, Şerbanescu, MS, Stoica, M, Motoc, AGM, Novac, MB & Bujorescu, DL . 2022. Analysis of the relationship between placental histopathological aspects of preterm and term birth. Rom J Morphol Embryol 63(2):357–367.
Gadhiraju, Shravanthi, Sujatha, Thathapudi, Putcha, Uday Kumar & Surekha, Mullapudi Venkata . 2022. Effects of Maternal Iron Deficiency Anemia on Placenta and Cord Blood Iron Status with Specific Reference to the Iron Transport Protein Ferroportin 1. Journal of the Anatomical Society of India 71(1):34–41.
©2023 Debjani M et al. This is an open-access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are credited.
Mallick D, Das S, Gon S, Chakrabarti S, Ray M, Gayen P. The Pattern and Significance of Delivery Outcome in Anaemia-Induced Changes of the Placenta. Perspectives in Medical Research. 2023;11(3):19-24 DOI: 10.47799/pimr.1103.04