Volume: 10 Issue: 3
Year: 2022, Page: 58-62, Doi: https://doi.org/10.47799/pimr.1003.10
Received: Feb. 7, 2022 Accepted: April 29, 2022 Published: April 29, 2022
Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive, degenerative disease that leads to joint pain, tenderness, stiffness, locking, effusion, reduced motion, swelling, crepitus, and disability. The pain in OA is the most significant clinical feature and impacts function, mobility, quality of life, and the reason for medical advice.
Methods: Fifty individuals with primary knee OA in the age range of 45–90 years were chosen at random for the research (N=50). The American College of Rheumatology's diagnostic criteria were employed to diagnose osteoarthritis, and a visual analogue scale was utilized to score the severity of pain. Knee OA was graded using the Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) radiographic assessment method. The antioxidant levels of superoxide dismutase in the synovial fluid were measured by using a spectrophotometric assay.
Results: Grades 1, 2, 3, and 4 have SOD activity values of 1.43±0.55, 1.44±0.72, 0.92±0.52, and 0.87 ±0.52 U/ml, respectively, in synovial fluid. Synovial fluid SOD activity was higher in grades 1 & 2 of KOA as compared to grades 3 &4 and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05).
Conclusions: There was a link between K-L grade and synovial antioxidant activity level. In the late stages of knee osteoarthritis, the antioxidant enzyme (SOD) activity was reduced.According to the results of this study, regular antioxidant supplementation to early osteoarthritis patients may delay disease progression by improving the antioxidant status of the knee, which neutralises free radicals and thus prevents cartilage damage.
Keywords: Antioxidant, Knee osteoarthritis, Oxidative stress, Superoxide dismutase, Synovial fluid.
Hunter, D J, Bierma-Zeinstra, S & Osteoarthritis, . 2019. Lancet 393:31034380.
Silman, A J & Hochberg, M C . 2001. Epidemiology of the rheumatic diseases. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Liu, C, Zhou, Wan Q, Feng, W, Shang, X & S . 2017. Factors associated with balance function in patients with knee osteoarthritis: an integrative review. Int J Nurs Sci 4(4):402–411.
Martín-Fernández, J, García-Maroto, R, Sánchez-Jiménez, F J, Bau-González, A, Valencia-García, H & Gutiérrez-Teira, B . 2017. Validation of the Spanish version of the Oxford knee score and assessment of its utility to characterize quality of life of patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis: a multicentric study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 15(1):186.
Jordan, J M, De Roos, A J, Renner, J B, Luta, G, Cohen, A, Craft, N, Helmick, C G, Hochberg, M C & Arab L . 2004. A case-control study of serum tocopherol levels and the alpha- to gamma-tocopherol ratio in radiographic knee osteoarthritis: the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project’. Am J Epidemiol 159(10):968–77.
Hamerman, D . 1989. The biology of osteoarthritis. N Engl J Med 320(20).
Finkel, T & Holbrook, N J . 2000. Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature 408(6809):239–286.
Harman, D . 1956. Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol 11(3):298–300.
Gey, K F . 1986. On the antioxidant hypothesis with regard to arteriosclerosis. BiblNutrDieta 37(37):53–91.
Henrotin, Y E, Bruckner, P & Pujol, J P . 2003. The role of reactive oxygen species in homeostasis and degradation of cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage’ 11(10):747–55.
Bolduc, J A, Collins, J A & Loeser, R F . 2019. Reactive oxygen species, aging and articular cartilage homeostasis. Free Radic Biol Med 132:73–82.
Altman, R, Asch, E, Bloch, D, Bole, G, Borenstein, D, Brandt, K, Christy, W, Cooke, T D, Greenwald, R & Hochberg, M . 1986. Development of criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis. Classification of osteoarthritis of the knee. Diagnostic and therapeutic Criteria Committee of the American Rheumatism Association. Arthritis Rheum 29(8):1039–1088.
Mathy-Hartert, M, Hogge, L, Sanchez, C, Deby-Dupont, G, Crielaard, J M & Henrotin, Y . 2008. The title differs from PubMed. Suggestion: ‘Interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 disturb the antioxidant enzyme system in bovine chondrocytes: a possible explanation for oxidative stress generation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage’ 16(7):756–63.
Henrotin, Y, Kurz, B & Aigner, T . 2005. Oxygen and reactive oxygen species in cartilage degradation: friends or foes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 13:643–54.
Gibson, J S, Mccartney, D, Sumpter, J, Fairfax, T P, Milner, P I, Edwards, H L & Wilkins, R J . 2009. Rapid effects of hypoxia on H+ homeostasis in articular chondrocytes. Pflugers Arch 458(6):1085–92.
Kellgren, J H & Lawrence, J S . 2000. Radiological assessment of osteoarthrosis. Ann Rheum Dis 16(4):494–502.
Sandy, J D, Flannery, C R, Neame, P J & Lohmander, L S . 1992. The structure of aggrecan fragments in human synovial fluid. Evidence for the involvement in osteoarthritis of a novel proteinase which cleaves the Glu 373-Ala 374 bond of the interglobular domain. J Clin Invest 89(5):1512–1518.
Marklund, S L & Marklund, G . 1974. Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. Eur J Biochem 47(3):469–74.
Gutteridge, Jmc . 1993. Free radicals in disease processes: a compilation of cause and consequence. Free Radic Res Commun 19(3):141–58.
Dawn, D I . A study to assess relationship between synovial fluid lipid peroxidation marker and the severity of knee osteoarthritis. IOSR-JDMS 3(6):60–63.
Regan, E A, Bowler, R P & Crapo, J D . 2008. Joint fluid antioxidants are decreased in osteoarthritic joints compared to joints with macroscopically intact cartilage and subacute injury. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 16(4):18203633.
Tercic, D & Bozic, B . 2001. The basis of the synovial fluid analysis. Clin Chem Lab Med 39(12):1221–1227.
Komiya, S, Tsuzuki, K, Mangham, D C, Sugiyama, M & Inoue, A . 1994. Oxygen scavengers in simple bone cysts. Clin OrthopRelat Res 308(308):199–206.
Dwivedi, S & Singh, S . 2016. Lipid-peroxidation and antioxidant status in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis patients. Int J Contemp Med Res 3(6).
Recklies, A D & Poole, A R . 2000. Pathophysiologic aspects of inflammation in diarthroidal joints. In: Buckwalter JA, Einhorn TA & Simon SR , eds. Orthopaedic basic science: biology and biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system. (pp. 489-530)
Shukla J, Sharma P, Sharma S, Prasad SV, Sharma S, Garg N. Does Antioxidant Superoxide Dismutase levels Decline with Advanced primary Knee Osteoarthritis in Synovial Fluid ? A Pilot Study. Perspectives in Medical Research. 2022;10(3):58- 62 DOI: 10.47799/pimr.1003.10