Volume: 5 Issue: 3
Year: 2017, Page: 4-9,
Introduction: The first 1000 days of the infant development are utmost important in the neuro-cognoscitive development of the individual; diverse factors modify the intestinal microbiome of the offspring, beginning with the characteristics of the mothers diet, mode of delivery, use of antibiotics, breastfeeding practice, moment of weaning, and many others; the purpose of this review is to state the diverse factors that affect the development of the microbiome and how it affects the brain functionality by altering the gut-brain interaction because of the changes regarding neurotransmisor production and other changes regarding brain functionality and its posterior outcome on the cognoscitive development and behaviour.
Keywords: Childhood development, microbiome, enteric nervous system, central nervous system and breastfeeding.
1) UNICEF. Improving child nutrition: the achievable imperative for global progress. New York: UNICEF, 2013.
2) David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN, Gootenberg DB, Button JE, Wolfe BE, et al. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature. 2013 Dec 11;505(7484):559–63. doi:10.1038/nature12820
3) Gilbert SF. A holobiont birth narrative: the epigenetic transmission of the human microbiome. Frontiers in Genetics. Aug 2014. Vol 5 (282). Available from: http:// journal.frontiersin.org /Journal/10.3389/ fgene.2014.00282/full
4) Brazionis L et al. Characterization of transition diets spanning infancy and toddlerhood: a novel, multiple-timepoint application of principal components analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;95:1200–8. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.026575
5) C M Wright, K N Parkinson, R F Drewett. Why are babies weaned early? Data from a prospective population based cohort study. Arch Dis Child 2004;89:813–816. doi: 10.1136/adc.2003.038448
6) Allen R et al. Nutrition in Toddlers. Am Family Physician. 2006; 74 (9): 1527-32
7) Chan YK, Estaki M, Gibson DL. Clinical Consequences of Diet-Induced Dysbiosis. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2013;63(s2):28–40. DOI: 10.1159/000354902
8) Douglas-Escobar M, Elliott E, Neu J. Effect of Intestinal Microbial Ecology on the Developing Brain. JAMA Pediatrics. 2013 Apr 1;167(4):374. doi:10.1001/ jamapediatrics.2013.497
9) Lyte M. Microbial Endocrinology in the Microbiome-GutBrain Axis: How Bacterial Production and Utilization of Neurochemicals Influence Behavior. Miller V, editor. PLoS Pathogens. 2013 Nov 14;9(11):e1003726. doi:10.1371/ journal.ppat.1003726
10) Kabouridis PS, Lasrado R, McCallum S, Chng SH, Snippert HJ, Clevers H, et al. Microbiota Controls the Homeostasis of Glial Cells in the Gut Lamina Propria. Neuron. 2015 Jan;85(2):289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.neuron.2014.12.037
11) Xu Q, Heanue T, Pachnis V. Travelling within the fetal gut: simple rules for an arduous journey. BMC Biology. 2014;12(1):50. Available from: http:// www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/12/50
12) Wopereis H, Oozeer R, Knipping K, Belzer C, Knol J. The first thousand days - intestinal microbiology of early life: establishing a symbiosis. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2014 Aug;25(5):428–38. DOI:10.1111/ pai.12232
13) Lyte M. Microbial Endocrinology in the Microbiome-GutBrain Axis: How Bacterial Production and Utilization of Neurochemicals Influence Behavior. Miller V, editor. PLoS Pathogens. 2013 Nov 14;9(11):e1003726.
14) Lyte M. Microbial endocrinology: Host-microbiota neuroendocrine interactions influencing brain and behavior. Gut Microbes. 2014 May;5(3):381–9.
15) Kang SS, Jeraldo PR, Kurti A, Miller ME, Cook MD, Whitlock K, et al. Diet and exercise orthogonally alter the gut microbiome and reveal independent associations with anxiety and cognition. Molecular Neurodegeneration. 2014;9(1):36.
16) Stilling RM, Bordenstein SR, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Friends with social benefits: host-microbe interactions as a driver of brain evolution and development? Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology [Internet]. 2014 Oct 29 [cited 2014 Dec 16];4. Available from: http:// journal.frontiersin.org /journal/10.3389/ fcimb.2014.00147/full
17) Cryan JF, O’Mahony SM. The microbiome-gut-brain axis: from bowel to behavior: From bowel to behavior. Neurogastroenterology & Motility. 2011 Mar;23(3):187– 92. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01664.x
18) Foster JA. Gut feelings: bacteria and the brain. In: Cerebrum: the Dana forum on brain science [Internet]. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. Dana Foundation; 2013 [cited 2015 Oct 25]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3788166/
19) Sampson TR, Mazmanian SK. Control of Brain Development, Function, and Behavior by the Microbiome. Cell Host & Microbe. 2015 May;17(5):565–76. Avaliable from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2015.04.011
20) Oleskin AV, Shenderov BA. Neuromodulatory effects and targets of the SCFAs and gasotransmitters produced by the human symbiotic microbiota. Microbial Ecology in Health & Disease [Internet]. 2016 Jul 5 [cited 2016 Jul 23];27(0). Available from: http:// www.microbecolhealthdis.net/index.php/mehd/article/ view/30971
21) Moos WH, Faller DV, Harpp DN, Kanara I, Pernokas J, Powers WR, et al. Microbiota and Neurological Disorders: A Gut Feeling. BioResearch Open Access. 2016 May;5(1):137–45.
22) Pereira M, Martynhak BJ, Andreatini R, Svenningsson P. 5-HT6 receptor agonism facilitates emotional learning. Frontiers in Pharmacology [Internet]. 2015 Sep 16 [cited 2015 Oct 28];6. Available from: http:// journal.frontiersin.org /Article/10.3389/ fphar.2015.00200/abstract
23) Gershon MD. 5-HT 4 -mediated neuroprotection: a new therapeutic modality on the way? American Journal of Physiology - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 2016 Mar 24;ajpgi.00120.2016. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00120.2016
24) Yarandi SS, Peterson DA, Treisman GJ, Moran TH, , Pasricha PJ. Modulatory Effects of Gut Microbiota on the Central Nervous System: How Gut Could Play a Role in Neuropsychiatric Health and Diseases. Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility 2016;22:201-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.5056/jnm15146
25) Forsythe P, Kunze W, Bienenstock J. Moody microbes or fecal phrenology: what do we know about the microbiotagut-brain axis? BMC Medicine [Internet]. 2016 Dec [cited 2016 Apr 24];14(1). Available from: http:// bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/ s12916-016-0604-8
26) Theoharides T. On the Gut Microbiome-Brain Axis and Altruism. Clinical Therapeutics. 2015. May 37 (5).
27) Petra AI, Panagiotidou S, Hatziagelaki E, Stewart JM, Conti P, Theoharides TC. Gut-Microbiota-Brain Axis and Its Effect on Neuropsychiatric Disorders With Suspected Immune Dysregulation. Clinical Therapeutics. 2015 May;37(5):984– 95.
28) Berhman et al. Overview and Assesment of Variability. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19 ED. Elsevier. Part 1. Cap 6. Pag 26-35. 2011.
29) Roth TL, David Sweatt J. Annual Research Review: Epigenetic mechanisms and environmental shaping of the brain during sensitive periods of development: Epigenetic mechanisms and environmental shaping of the brain. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2011 Apr;52(4):398–408. doi:10.1111/j.1469- 7610.2010.02282.x.
30) Mayer EA, Tillisch K, Gupta A. Gut/brain axis and the microbiota. J Clin Invest 2015.. doi:10.1172/JCI76304.
31) Grummer-Strawn L. Infant Feeding and Feeding Transitions During the First Year of Life. Pediatrics 2008;122;S36 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-1315d
32) Chu DM, Antony KM, Ma J, Prince AL, Showalter L, Moller M, et al. The early infant gut microbiome varies in association with a maternal high-fat diet. Genome Medicine [Internet]. 2016 Dec [cited 2016 Aug 17];8(1). Available from: http:// genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/ s13073-016-0330-z
33) Maranduba CM da C, De Castro SBR, Souza GT de, Rossato C, da Guia FC, Valente MAS, et al. Intestinal Microbiota as Modulators of the Immune System and Neuroimmune System: Impact on the Host Health and Homeostasis. Journal of Immunology Research. 2015;2015:1–14. http:/ /dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/931574
34) J B Morgan, A Lucas, M S Fewtrell. Does weaning influence growth and health up to 18 months?. Arch Dis Child 2004;89:728–733. doi: 10.1136/adc.2003.036137
35) Thompson AL, Monteagudo-Mera A, Cadenas MB, Lampl ML, Azcarate-Peril MA. Milk- and solid-feeding practices and daycare attendance are associated with differences in bacterial diversity, predominant communities, and metabolic and immune function of the infant gut microbiome. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology [Internet]. 2015 Feb 5 [cited 2015 Mar 23];5. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00003
36) Pongcharoen T, Ramakrishnan U, DiGirolamo AM, Winichagoon P, Flores R, Singkhornard J, Martorell R. Influence of prenatal and postnatal growth on intellectual functioning in school-aged children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012;166:411-6. Available from: http:// archpedi.jamanetwork.com/ on 09/15/2014
37) Bercik P, Denou E, Collins J, Jackson W, Lu J, Jury J, et al. The Intestinal Microbiota Affect Central Levels of BrainDerived Neurotropic Factor and Behavior in Mice. Gastroenterology. 2011 Aug;141(2):599–609.e3. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.04.05
38) Lang et al. (2014), The microbes we eat: abundance and taxonomy of microbes consumed in a day’s worth of meals for three diet types. PeerJ 2:e659; DOI 10.7717/peerj.659
39) Bäckhed F, Roswall J, Peng Y, Feng Q, Jia H, KovatchevaDatchary P, et al. Dynamics and Stabilization of the Human Gut Microbiome during the First Year of Life. Cell Host & Microbe. 2015 May;17(5):690–703.
40) Logan AC. Dysbiotic drift: mental health, environmental grey space, and microbiota. Journal of Physiological Anthropology [Internet]. 2015 Dec [cited 2015 Oct 25];34(1). Available from: http:// www.jphysiolanthropol.com/content/34/1/23
41) Bourassa MW, Alim I, Bultman SJ, Ratan RR. Butyrate, neuroepigenetics and the gut microbiome: Can a high fiber diet improve brain health? Neuroscience Letters [Internet]. 2016 Feb [cited 2016 Feb 21]; Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/ S0304394016300775
42) Lyte M, Chapel A, Lyte JM, Ai Y, Proctor A, Jane J-L, et al. Resistant Starch Alters the Microbiota-Gut Brain Axis: Implications for Dietary Modulation of Behavior. Covasa M, editor. PLOS ONE. 2016 Jan 8;11(1):e0146406.
43) Hoban AE, Stilling RM, Ryan FJ, Shanahan F, Dinan TG, Claesson MJ, et al. Regulation of prefrontal cortex myelination by the microbiota. Translational Psychiatry. 2016 Apr 5;6(4):e774.
44) Martin R, Makino H, Cetinyurek Yavuz A, Ben-Amor K, Roelofs M, Ishikawa E, et al. Early-Life Events, Including Mode of Delivery and Type of Feeding, Siblings and Gender, Shape the Developing Gut Microbiota. Suchodolski JS, editor. PLOS ONE. 2016 Jun 30;11(6):e0158498.
45) Rutayisire E, Huang K, Liu Y, Tao F. The mode of delivery affects the diversity and colonization pattern of the gut microbiota during the first year of infants’ life: a systematic review. BMC Gastroenterology [Internet]. 2016 Dec [cited 2016 Aug 5];16(1). Available from: http://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/ s12876-016-0498-0
46) Miller WB. The Eukaryotic Microbiome: Origins and Implications for Fetal and Neonatal Life. Frontiers in Pediatrics [Internet]. 2016 Sep 9 [cited 2016 Oct 18];4. Available from: http://journal.frontiersin.org/Article/ 10.3389/fped.2016.00096/abstract.
Demian Arturo Herrera Morban. Impact of feeding practices on the microbiome and posterior neuro-cognoscitive development and behaviour during the first 1000 days . Perspectives in Medical Research 2017;5(3):4-9.